Telomeres, found at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, and the enzyme telomerase that maintains telomere length and structure, have long been studied for their involvement in cellular senescence and apoptosis. Cancer cells typically possess shorter telomeres and have telomerase activity greatly exceeding that of normal cells. These differences create an opportunity to use anticancer therapies targeting telomerase and telomeres. This paper will examine the anticancer potential of small molecules that act as direct telomerase inhibitors (GRN163/GRN163L and BIBR1532), telomere targeting agents (RHPS4 and BRACO-19), and T-oligos that initiate a cell signaling cascade resulting in cancer cell senescence and apoptosis.